Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospira platensis and Hydropuntia cornea against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.     

In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Selected Plants on the Growth of the Mycelial Form of Histoplasma capsulatum Variety farciminosum in Ethiopia

Epizootic lymphangitis is prevalent in equines in Ethiopia, causing remarkable economic and welfare impacts but often neglected. Lack of effective treatment contributed to its continued occurrence, and hence, search for an effective treatment should be considered a priority area to minimize its impacts. Previous ethnobotanical studies have reported that Curcuma longa, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Datura stramonium were used to treat cutaneous fungal infections and reduce their incidence. The treatment effects of these plants against epizootic lymphangitis should be studied. The in vitro growth inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of the root of C. longa, berry of P. dodecandra, and leaf of D. stramonium were evaluated. Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum was isolated from clinical cases of epizootic lymphangitis in carthorses in central Ethiopia. The nested polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the identity of the isolates. Serial twofold dilutions of the extract of berries of P. dodecandra and leaves of D. stramonium were done in sterile water, whereas dilution of the extract of roots of C. longa was done in dimethylsulphoxide. The effects of the plants on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum were assessed by agar dilution assay. Culture media with no antifungal agent and media containing ketoconazole served as negative and positive control, respectively. The methanol extract of C. longa showed inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 5 mg/mL. Similarly, the methanol extract of P. dodecandra showed growth inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.156 to 5 mg/mL. That is, the growth inhibitory concentration of C. longa was 0.07 mg/mL, whereas that of P. dodecandra was 0.156 mg/mL. In contrast, D. stramonium showed no inhibitory effect. This preliminary observation showed that methanol extracts of C. longa and P. dodecandra showed inhibitory effects on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum requiring further repeated in vitro evaluation so as to generate adequate evidence, which would justify in vivo trials.     

苯基吡唑类化合物的合成、杀虫活性及对蜜蜂的毒性

【目的】以氟虫腈结构为骨架,寻找具有杀虫活性和对环境友好型的苯基吡唑类化合物。【方法】以不同取代基的苯胺为原料,经2步法合成含有不同取代基的苯基吡唑类化合物1～21;产物结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和ESI-MS分析确定;采用浸液法测定目标产物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella的生物活性;测定化合物1、5、12和16对中华蜂Apis cerana的急性经口毒性。【结果】化合物1、5、12和16处理小菜蛾24 h的LC50分别为0.26、0.95、0.33和1.10 mg·L~(-1),其中化合物1和12对小菜蛾的活性优于氟虫腈。化合物5、12和16对中华蜂的急性经口毒性比氟虫腈(0.05mg·L~(-1))低,但仍属于剧毒,LC50分别为0.21、0.22和0.09 mg·L~(-1)。构效关系表明,苯环的取代基对苯基吡唑类化合物的活性影响很大,当苯环邻位存在—Cl或—Br、对位为—Cl、—CF3或—OCF3时,化合物对小菜蛾表现出极好的活性。【结论】氟虫腈苯环取代基的替换可以提高对小菜蛾的生物活性、降低对中华蜂的毒性,研究结果对今后芳基吡唑类杀虫剂开发、结构优化具有一定的指导意义。     

Comparative study on the effects of buckwheat by roasting: Antioxidant properties,nutrients, pasting,and thermal properties

The increasing need to prolong the shelf life of buckwheat has prompted the use of roasting techniques in buckwheat processing. For effective roasting, the responses of common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) to the process should be explored. Herein, the antioxidant properties, nutrients, pasting, and thermal properties of raw and roasted buckwheat flours (roasted at 200 °C for 50 s) from two CB and three TB varieties were investigated. Results showed that roasting considerably reduced the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of TB. The TPC of CB was significantly improved by roasting, whereas the TFC significantly decreased. The total antioxidant capacities were consistent with the TPCs. Additionally, the colour deepened as the amount of antioxidant compounds increased. Unexpectedly, roasting enhanced the protein and fat contents of CB and decreased those of TB. Roasting improved the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of CB, and opposite results were obtained in TB. In conclusion, CB was more suitable to the development of roasted specialty products with nutritional applications than TB. We suggest that differences among varieties should be considered first in the buckwheat roasting process.     

Thermal,structural and functional properties of rice bran defatted with alcoholic solvents

Samples from combinations of different alcoholic extraction process parameters of rice bran oil, solvents (ethanol or isopropanol) and temperatures (60 or 80 °C) were evaluated and compared with samples from industrial processing regarding the physicochemical, structural and functional characteristics of the defatted meal since these properties are directly associated with the quality of the products. The results obtained for solids from alcoholic extraction did not differ significantly from those obtained from industrial processing using hexane. Although the use of alcohols and high temperatures led to reductions in the nitrogen solubility (21% to 13.5–16.7%), emulsifying activity (31% to 14–25%) and thermal stability, possibly as a function of protein structural modifications due to denaturation, stable foams were produced (26–50%), and adequate values for the water and oil absorption capacities were determined (4 and 3 g/g sample), allowing the application of this material in baking and meat products.     

黄蝉花素抑制斜纹夜蛾生长发育作用

室内测定了黄蝉花素对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的抑制生长发育活性。结果表明,黄蝉花素对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的抑制生长发育活性与其处理浓度具有一定的相关性。与对照相比,处理组食物消耗量减少,幼虫生长发育被抑制,发育历期延长。处理组幼虫在蛹期不能正常化蛹而形成畸形蛹,羽化后的成虫表现为形态畸形。在预蛹期和蛹期由于不能正常蜕皮导致死亡率较高。研究显示黄蝉花素作为一类新型的昆虫生长发育控制剂或害虫田间种群管理的先导化合物值得进一步研究。     

洋槐蜜和椴树蜜结晶前后的主要物质组成和热力学性质变化研究

为实现对不同类型蜂蜜的特征和质量的科学评价，测定了不同蜜源(洋槐蜜和椴树蜜)和不同结晶状态蜂蜜的主要成分，并利用差示扫描量热技术分析了其热力学性质。结果表明：无论结晶与否，不同蜜源蜂蜜中的葡萄糖和果糖含量均差异显著。相对于椴树蜜样品，洋槐蜜样品的水分活度可能更不利于酵母菌的滋生。玻璃转化温度、放热峰峰温和放热峰焓变等热力学参数，对于区分不同的蜂蜜样品较为灵敏。蜂蜜样品的热力学性质主要受到结晶状态的影响，而与蜜源特征相关性较小。基于以上结果，及时监测蜂蜜的水分活度有助于控制微生物(尤其是酵母菌)的滋生。通过测定蜂蜜的玻璃转化温度、放热峰峰温和放热峰焓变等指标，可以预测蜂蜜的结晶程度。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯协同对玉米小斑病菌的抑制效果

运用对峙培养法测定解淀粉芽孢杆菌SJ06菌株对玉米小斑病菌的拮抗活性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定发酵上清液、脂肽粗提物对玉米小斑病菌的抑菌活性,以及SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯复配的协同抑菌活性。结果表明:对峙培养SJ06对玉米小斑病菌的抑制率为71.43%;SJ06发酵上清液和脂肽粗提物对病菌的EC_(50)值分别为0.88μL/mL和0.23μL/mL,吡唑醚菌酯对病菌的EC_(50)值为1.10μg/m L;SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯复配对玉米小斑病菌的毒性比均大于1,说明复配对病菌的抑制效果均为增效作用,其中,复配体积比为4∶6时毒性比为1.21,增效作用最强。     

施用改良剂对植烟土壤养分含量和酶活性的影响

采用大田试验，分别于烟苗移栽后25、50、75 d测定土壤主要养分含量，研究施用氰氨化钙、生物炭和微生物肥+饼肥3种土壤改良剂对植烟土壤养分和酶活性的影响。结果表明：施用生物炭和微生物肥+饼肥的土壤速效钾较对照分别提高31.80%和12.52%，施用氰氨化钙的土壤速效磷和碱解氮含量分别降低7.30%和2.01%；烟苗移栽后75 d，施用改良剂土壤过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性较对照分别提高11.79%~15.38%、19.10%~25.14%，施用氰氨化钙的最高，生物炭的最低；施用改良剂土壤的中性磷酸酶较对照提高6.96%~14.96%，施用微生物肥+饼肥的最高，施用氰氨化钙的最低。从综合效果来看，施用生物炭改良剂效果最好。     

胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱特征

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落粒径结构特征,本研究根据2016-2017年4次底拖网调查数据构建了胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱,比较分析了各季节鱼类生物量粒径谱特征参数的异质性。结果显示,胶州湾Sheldon型鱼类生物量粒径谱呈现单峰模式,鱼类粒径范围为-3~10粒径级,粒径分布相对均匀,且峰值位于5~6粒径级,主要由大泷六线鱼和褐菖鲉等小型鱼类构成。各季节鱼类标准化生物量粒径谱曲率和曲度差异显著,其中春季曲率最大且曲线较平缓,夏季曲率最小且曲线相对陡峭。谱线曲度和曲率的季节变化主要与粒径小的细纹狮子鱼、大泷六线鱼、玉筋鱼及长丝虾虎鱼等地方常栖性种类和赤鼻棱鳀、白姑鱼等季节洄游性种类的出现有关。Abundance-biomass comparison(ABC)曲线表明,春季处于未干扰状态,冬季处于中度干扰状态,夏秋季处于严重干扰状态。研究表明,胶州湾鱼类群落总体处于严重干扰状态,鱼类生物量谱呈现单峰型,粒径结构以小型粒径鱼类为主,且地方常栖性和季节洄游性鱼类等补充群体的数量和粒径大小影响鱼类生物量粒径谱的峰型和曲率。